The Future of Stewardship & Ethics

Last Updated May 9, 2026

The future of stewardship and ethics depends on whether societies can build systems that protect human dignity, reduce deprivation, honor ecological limits, and expand the real freedom to live meaningful lives. Stewardship is not only the care of land, water, climate, biodiversity, or future generations. It is also the care of human possibility: the public responsibility to ensure that people are not abandoned to hunger, unsafe housing, preventable illness, educational exclusion, environmental exposure, or social invisibility.

Poverty is therefore not only a shortage of income. It is a condition of deprivation that constrains health, education, nutrition, shelter, dignity, security, participation, and the real freedom to live well. To understand stewardship seriously, ethics must move beyond abstract principle and ask whether institutions, technologies, economies, and environmental systems protect the conditions of life for those most exposed to harm.

This is why poverty stands at the center of the development question rather than at its margins. Development is never merely a question of aggregate output, national growth, infrastructure expansion, or technological progress. It concerns whether human beings possess the substantive conditions required to live with dignity, security, voice, and meaningful opportunity. If large populations remain trapped in layered deprivation, then rising output alone cannot be taken as evidence of genuine progress.

The future of stewardship and ethics therefore requires a wider moral frame: one that connects poverty, capability, public goods, ecological exposure, institutional responsibility, and long-run planetary conditions. It asks whether development systems can reduce deprivation without destroying the living systems that sustain future life. It asks whether environmental responsibility can be joined to human dignity. It asks whether technological progress can serve care, justice, and shared futures rather than simply accelerate extraction, inequality, and risk.

This article examines the future of stewardship and ethics through the problem of poverty and multidimensional development. It argues that poverty should be understood as a multidimensional condition of constrained human possibility, not simply as low income. It explores why deprivation is cumulative rather than isolated, why monetary metrics remain important but incomplete, how multidimensional poverty analysis changes development reasoning, why children and households experience structural vulnerability unevenly, how public goods and spatial inequalities reproduce deprivation, and why climate exposure and environmental risk now intensify the urgency of an ethical development frame.

• Why This Belongs in Stewardship & Ethics
• What Is Poverty?
• Income Poverty and Its Limits
• Why Development Must Be Multidimensional
• Poverty as Capability Constraint
• Overlapping Deprivations and Poverty Bundles
• The Multidimensional Poverty Index and What It Measures
• Children, Households, and Structural Vulnerability
• Space, Public Goods, and the Geography of Deprivation
• Poverty, Capability, and Sustainable Development
• Institutions, Public Goods, and the Reproduction of Deprivation
• Environmental Risk, Climate Exposure, and Poverty
• Ethical Diagnostic Table
• Conclusion: The Future of Stewardship & Ethics
• Related Reading
• Further Reading
• References

Why This Belongs in Stewardship & Ethics

The future of stewardship and ethics cannot be limited to environmental care alone. A society cannot claim to steward the future while tolerating preventable deprivation in the present. Nor can it claim to protect human dignity if its development systems destroy the ecological conditions on which future dignity depends. Stewardship must therefore hold together two responsibilities that are too often separated: care for vulnerable people and care for the living systems that make human life possible.

Poverty belongs in Stewardship & Ethics because deprivation is not only a development indicator. It is a moral condition. It reveals whether societies accept preventable suffering as normal, whether public institutions protect the conditions of dignity, and whether economic systems are judged by aggregate output or by the lives they make possible.

A purely technical view of poverty asks how many people fall below a poverty line, which interventions raise income, and which policies improve statistical indicators. These are important questions. But they are incomplete. A stewardship ethic asks what societies owe to people whose lives are constrained by hunger, unsafe housing, poor sanitation, weak schools, preventable disease, environmental exposure, and lack of voice.

This changes the frame. Poverty is not simply an unfortunate condition experienced by individuals. It is a test of collective responsibility. It asks whether public goods are adequate, whether institutions reach those most exposed to deprivation, whether development systems repair or reproduce exclusion, and whether environmental policy protects people who are least responsible for ecological damage but often most vulnerable to its effects.

Stewardship also widens the time horizon. Childhood malnutrition, school interruption, unsafe housing, and exposure to climate hazards do not only create immediate hardship. They shape the future. They constrain learning, health, mobility, work, political participation, and intergenerational possibility. A society that permits such deprivation is not only failing the present. It is shaping the future unequally.

For this reason, poverty is inseparable from ethics. To take poverty seriously is to ask what kinds of lives development should make possible, what obligations institutions carry toward the vulnerable, and whether progress can be called progress when dignity remains structurally denied.

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What Is Poverty?

Poverty is often defined narrowly as insufficient income to meet basic needs. That definition captures something real and important, because income affects access to food, housing, energy, healthcare, mobility, and security. Yet poverty in lived experience is usually broader than income alone. It involves deprivation across multiple domains that shape whether a person can live safely, participate in society, maintain health, pursue education, and exercise meaningful choice.

Poverty is therefore best understood not simply as low purchasing power, but as a condition of constrained human possibility.

This broader understanding matters because deprivation is rarely isolated. A household without adequate sanitation may also face poor housing, limited electricity, insecure nutrition, weak health access, and educational disadvantage. A worker with very low income may also face environmental exposure, lack of legal protection, inadequate transport, unsafe employment, or exclusion from public services. Once these overlaps are recognized, poverty becomes less a single deficit than a patterned condition of disadvantage affecting the whole texture of life.

For sustainable development, this is crucial. A development strategy that raises aggregate output without reducing these interconnected forms of deprivation may improve macroeconomic indicators while leaving large populations trapped in structurally diminished life chances. Poverty must therefore be treated not only as a shortage of money, but as a complex social condition that distorts capability, resilience, dignity, and long-run wellbeing.

This does not make income irrelevant. It means income must be placed within a wider moral and institutional frame. Money matters because it helps people secure goods and reduce risk. But the ethical question is larger: do people have the actual conditions required to live with health, agency, belonging, safety, and hope?

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Income Poverty and Its Limits

Income poverty remains an indispensable part of development analysis. Monetary poverty lines are useful because they offer comparability, policy visibility, and a way of tracking severe material deprivation. Income affects what households can purchase, the risks they can absorb, and the opportunities they can secure. No serious poverty analysis should dismiss these realities.

But income alone is too narrow to capture the full structure of deprivation. Two households with similar incomes may experience very different real conditions depending on their access to water, sanitation, healthcare, energy, safe housing, schooling, transport, social protection, legal recognition, and supportive institutions.

Income also tells us little about the quality of public goods or the social environments within which households must convert income into actual wellbeing. Where public infrastructure is weak, even modest monetary gains may fail to translate into secure improvements in health or capability. A household may earn more but still live without clean water. A child may live above a monetary poverty line but attend a failing school. A family may have income but remain one illness, flood, eviction, job loss, or crop failure away from crisis.

This is why development theory increasingly treats monetary poverty as necessary but insufficient. Income matters, but it is not the same thing as development, and it is not even the whole of poverty. A more adequate account must ask not only how much people earn, but what forms of deprivation remain in place even when income measures alone suggest improvement.

The ethical danger of relying too heavily on income metrics is that it can make deprivation appear solved before people are actually free from its conditions. A society may reduce monetary poverty while leaving malnutrition, poor schooling, unsafe housing, medical insecurity, and environmental vulnerability largely intact.

That is not full development. It is partial progress with hidden deprivation.

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Why Development Must Be Multidimensional

The movement toward multidimensional development reflects a deeper shift in how progress is understood. Development cannot be reduced to the growth of national income or even to the reduction of income poverty alone. It must be judged by whether people are healthier, better educated, better nourished, more secure, more protected, and better able to participate in social, economic, civic, and cultural life.

This is one reason the human development tradition became so influential: it widened the evaluative frame from output to capability and freedom. It asked not only what economies produce, but what people are able to become.

Multidimensional development matters because poverty itself is multidimensional. A person deprived of education faces long-term constraints that income transfers alone may not solve. A household without clean cooking fuel or electricity may remain exposed to health risks, time burdens, safety risks, and constrained opportunity even if its income temporarily rises. A child in poor housing with poor nutrition and irregular school attendance faces a cluster of disadvantages that interact and compound over time.

This is why the 2030 Agenda frames poverty eradication in “all its forms and dimensions” as indispensable. The language is exact. Poverty is not treated as a single monetary metric, but as a broader developmental condition. That makes multidimensional analysis central rather than peripheral to sustainable development.

A multidimensional approach also changes the moral question. It does not ask only whether people have crossed a threshold. It asks whether people are able to live with dignity. It asks whether public systems support the conditions of human flourishing. It asks whether deprivation is being reduced across the domains that actually structure life.

That makes multidimensional poverty analysis not simply a measurement improvement, but an ethical improvement. It sees more of what deprivation does to people.

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Poverty as Capability Constraint

One of the most important conceptual advances in development thought is the recognition that poverty is not only a low command over resources, but a restriction on what people are actually able to do and to be. A person may have some income, yet still be unable to secure basic health, gain an education, travel safely, participate politically, access public services, or protect a household from recurring shocks.

Poverty in this sense is a restriction on agency and possibility rather than merely a shortfall in consumption.

This capability-centered understanding matters because it connects poverty to freedom in a substantive sense. The issue is not whether people possess abstract rights in principle, but whether they possess the actual means and supporting conditions required to convert those rights into lived opportunity. Malnutrition, poor schooling, unsafe housing, social exclusion, discrimination, disability exclusion, weak public services, and environmental exposure all narrow the horizon of what people can realistically become.

Seeing poverty as capability constraint also changes policy reasoning. It suggests that the aim is not merely to lift incomes above a threshold, but to expand the substantive conditions of human development: health, knowledge, security, mobility, voice, recognition, and resilience.

Capability is also ethical because it respects people as agents rather than passive beneficiaries. Poverty reduction should not be understood only as delivering aid to the poor. It should be understood as expanding the conditions under which people can make meaningful choices, participate in collective life, and pursue lives they have reason to value.

This is why multidimensional development provides a more serious framework for poverty than income alone. It treats people not as units of consumption, but as human beings whose freedom depends on overlapping social, institutional, ecological, and material conditions.

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Overlapping Deprivations and Poverty Bundles

One of the most important insights of multidimensional poverty analysis is that deprivations cluster. Poor households are not usually deprived in only one area. They often face what might be called poverty bundles: combinations of inadequate housing, unsafe sanitation, poor nutrition, lack of electricity, absence of clean cooking fuel, school non-attendance, limited years of schooling, weak healthcare, insecure employment, or exposure to environmental hazard.

These overlaps matter because they intensify one another. The burden of deprivation is cumulative.

A child who lacks electricity may have fewer opportunities to study. A household that cooks with dirty fuels may face respiratory illness and time burdens. Poor sanitation can increase disease risk, which can affect school attendance and work capacity. Weak transport can limit access to healthcare, markets, schools, and employment. Poor housing can increase exposure to heat, flooding, pollution, and violence.

This changes the logic of policy. If deprivation is bundled, intervention must be integrated. A sanitation program may improve health and school attendance. Electrification may alter education, safety, and household labor burdens. Nutrition support may improve health and cognitive development in ways that affect long-run educational outcomes. Transport investment may connect households to schools, clinics, work, and markets. Social protection may reduce the need for families to make damaging trade-offs during crisis.

A multidimensional understanding of poverty therefore pushes policy toward systems thinking rather than isolated sectoral fixes. It asks how interventions interact, how deprivations reinforce one another, and how public systems can be coordinated to interrupt poverty as a pattern rather than treat poverty as a collection of separate deficits.

Development becomes more demanding at this point because it must address not just discrete deficits but the interacting conditions through which disadvantage reproduces itself. Deprivation is not merely additive. It is often mutually reinforcing, and its cumulative character is one reason poverty can persist even where some individual indicators improve.

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The Multidimensional Poverty Index and What It Measures

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index is one of the most influential tools for operationalizing a broader understanding of poverty. It identifies overlapping deprivations at the household level across three broad dimensions: health, education, and living standards. It uses indicators drawn from household survey data to examine how deprivation is experienced in combination rather than only through income.

The value of the MPI lies not only in its composite measure, but in the picture it offers of poverty’s structure. It allows analysts to see not simply how many people are poor, but how they are poor: through which deprivations, in which combinations, among which households, and in which regions.

This makes poverty policy more precise and more developmentally meaningful. It shifts attention away from a single poverty line toward the actual conditions households face. It can reveal whether poverty is driven more by schooling, health, housing, sanitation, electricity, cooking fuel, nutrition, or other indicators. This matters because different deprivation profiles require different policy responses.

The MPI also strengthens ethical accountability. A single income measure can obscure the conditions of life behind the number. A multidimensional measure forces development systems to confront actual human deprivation more directly. It asks whether people have what they need to live safely and participate meaningfully, not only whether income has crossed a statistical threshold.

Like all measures, the MPI has limits. No index can capture the full meaning of dignity, agency, cultural belonging, security, discrimination, political voice, ecological relationship, or historical injustice. But the index remains valuable because it moves development analysis closer to lived reality. It gives public institutions a clearer map of overlapping deprivation and makes it harder to hide behind aggregate growth.

For Stewardship & Ethics, the importance of multidimensional measurement is not technical alone. It is moral. Better measurement can widen public responsibility by making hidden deprivation visible.

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Children, Households, and Structural Vulnerability

Multidimensional poverty is especially important for understanding childhood vulnerability. Children often bear a disproportionate share of overlapping deprivation, and childhood poverty has effects that are developmental rather than merely immediate. Poor nutrition, interrupted schooling, inadequate shelter, household energy deprivation, unsafe water, poor sanitation, and exposure to violence or climate hazard shape not only present hardship but future capability.

This reveals another strength of multidimensional poverty analysis: it highlights structural vulnerability within households and across generations. Poverty is not only about current consumption. It is about the long-run formation of human possibility.

When children grow up in overlapping deprivation, the effects can persist through health, learning, labor-market access, social participation, and intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. Malnutrition may affect cognitive development. School interruption may reduce future opportunity. Poor housing may increase illness. Household insecurity may increase stress. Environmental hazards may undermine health and stability. These harms are not isolated. They become part of a developmental pathway.

That is why poverty policy must be more than compensatory. It must also be preventative and developmental. Reducing multidimensional poverty means interrupting the mechanisms through which deprivation reproduces itself over time. It means investing in early childhood development, nutrition, health systems, schools, safe housing, clean water, sanitation, electricity, protection from violence, and environmental resilience.

This is also why poverty is an intergenerational ethics issue. Children do not choose the conditions into which they are born. A society that permits childhood deprivation to shape lifelong capability is distributing future freedom unequally before children have any meaningful agency.

Sustainable development cannot claim success if it improves aggregate indicators while leaving the next generation structurally compromised.

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Space, Public Goods, and the Geography of Deprivation

Poverty is also spatial. Deprivation is often structured by where people live and by the public goods to which they do or do not have access. Rural isolation, informal urban settlement, weak transport links, inadequate sanitation systems, poor drainage, insecure land tenure, environmental hazard exposure, and unreliable electricity all shape whether households can convert resources into secure forms of life.

Poverty is never only a household problem. It is also a problem of institutions, infrastructure, geography, and public goods.

Where schools are weak, clinics inaccessible, sanitation absent, energy unreliable, transport poor, drainage inadequate, and legal protections thin, deprivation is reproduced even when households struggle to improve their own conditions. Poverty therefore reflects not only low personal resources but failures in the larger systems that should support dignified life.

This spatial dimension matters because households cannot individually purchase their way out of every structural condition. A family may work hard but still live in a flood-prone area because safe land is unaffordable. A child may want to learn but attend a school without adequate teachers or materials. A worker may seek opportunity but lack transport access. A household may need healthcare but live far from a clinic. Public goods determine how far individual effort can travel.

If poverty is concentrated in deficits of housing, sanitation, electricity, nutrition, and schooling, then the problem is not simply that individuals lack money. It is that public and collective systems are failing to deliver basic conditions of development.

This is why multidimensional poverty analysis has strong institutional implications. Poverty policy must include public goods, infrastructure, service delivery, and state capacity, not just transfers or growth promotion. In this sense, poverty is a systems problem reproduced through interacting deficits in institutions, infrastructures, and opportunities.

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Poverty, Capability, and Sustainable Development

The relationship between poverty and sustainable development is deeper than the simple claim that poverty should be reduced. Poverty is one of the most direct ways in which human capabilities are constrained. It limits access to health, education, mobility, voice, and resilience, and it increases vulnerability to environmental shocks, economic instability, institutional failure, and political exclusion.

Multidimensional development therefore provides a stronger bridge between human development and sustainability than income alone can. It shows that development is not only about growing economies, but about building conditions of life that can endure.

This broader understanding matters because sustainable development is not only about preserving systems in the abstract. It is about whether those systems make dignified and secure life more possible over time. A development pathway that improves aggregate output while leaving large populations deprived in health, shelter, learning, and public protection cannot be called sustainable in any serious ethical sense.

Capability remains the key link. A society develops not simply when it produces more, but when it expands the substantive freedoms through which people can live, participate, care, learn, move, deliberate, and plan. Poverty reduction therefore belongs at the core of sustainable development because deprivation is one of the most basic ways those freedoms are denied.

This also means that poverty reduction and ecological stewardship should not be treated as competing priorities. Poor communities often depend directly on land, water, forests, fisheries, climate stability, and public infrastructure. Environmental degradation can deepen poverty. Poverty can also force households into harmful coping strategies when no alternatives exist. Sustainable development must therefore connect poverty reduction with ecological repair, resilience, public goods, and justice.

The ethical test is whether development expands capability without destroying the ecological and institutional foundations on which future capability depends.

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Institutions, Public Goods, and the Reproduction of Deprivation

Poverty is reproduced not only through low household resources but through institutional failure. Where education systems are weak, health systems inaccessible, energy systems unreliable, transport systems inadequate, sanitation systems absent, legal systems thin, and public administration exclusionary, deprivation becomes durable.

Public institutions and public goods do not sit outside the poverty question. They are among the main ways in which poverty is either interrupted or reproduced.

This matters because it changes the locus of responsibility. If poverty is treated only as household scarcity, the response will be narrow and often individualized. But if poverty is understood as a condition sustained by missing or fragile public systems, then development strategy must become more infrastructural, institutional, and long-horizon.

Service delivery, local state capacity, planning competence, environmental resilience, public finance, social protection, and democratic accountability all become part of the poverty question. A cash transfer may help a household, but if the school is failing, the clinic is inaccessible, the water is unsafe, the transport system is absent, and the land is exposed to flood or heat, then deprivation remains structurally embedded.

In this sense, multidimensional poverty analysis is not just a better measurement tool. It is a different theory of development. It implies that development requires structural transformation in the systems that support human life, not merely statistical improvement in income aggregates.

Institutions reproduce deprivation when they fail to reach marginalized communities, when they allocate public goods unequally, when they ignore informal settlements, when they underfund rural areas, when they deny legal recognition, when they tolerate discrimination, or when they treat poor communities as passive recipients rather than rights-bearing participants.

Institutions interrupt deprivation when they deliver reliable public goods, protect rights, expand capability, reduce exposure, and make people administratively visible without making them vulnerable to punishment or exclusion.

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Environmental Risk, Climate Exposure, and Poverty

One of the most important recent developments in multidimensional poverty analysis is the growing attention to the overlap between poverty and environmental or climate risk. Poor households are often more exposed to climate and environmental stress because they live in riskier locations, rely more directly on climate-sensitive livelihoods, have fewer buffers against shocks, and depend more heavily on public systems that may already be fragile.

At the same time, environmental degradation can deepen deprivation by undermining food systems, water access, health, housing security, public capacity, and livelihood stability. Drought can reduce agricultural income. Flooding can destroy shelter and schools. Heat can reduce labor capacity and increase health risk. Air pollution can damage respiratory health. Water contamination can increase disease. Ecosystem decline can reduce food security.

Poverty and ecological instability therefore interact in ways that narrow both present wellbeing and future options.

This strengthens the case for multidimensional development. Poverty cannot be adequately understood if ecological exposure is treated as external to the poverty problem. Sustainable development requires approaches that integrate poverty reduction with climate resilience, environmental protection, disaster risk reduction, and the strengthening of basic public systems.

Climate exposure also raises questions of justice. Those least responsible for historical emissions often face some of the highest vulnerability. Poor households are less able to relocate, insure assets, rebuild, access healthcare, or absorb income shocks. If environmental risk is ignored, poverty policy will underestimate the real conditions of deprivation.

This is where Stewardship & Ethics becomes central. Poverty reduction cannot be only a human development project, and ecological stewardship cannot be only an environmental project. The two are joined. A society that protects ecosystems while abandoning poor communities fails ethically. A society that pursues poverty reduction by destroying ecological foundations also fails ethically. The task is to build development pathways that protect both human dignity and the living systems that sustain it.

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Ethical Diagnostic Table

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Conclusion: The Future of Stewardship & Ethics

The future of stewardship and ethics will be judged by whether societies can protect the conditions of life where those conditions are most fragile. Poverty, deprivation, and multidimensional development belong at the center of that question because poverty is not simply a shortage of money. It is a condition of layered disadvantage that constrains health, education, security, dignity, agency, and the real freedom to live well.

A serious ethical framework must therefore look beyond income alone and ask how deprivation is structured, how it overlaps across domains, and how it shapes the possibilities of human life. It must ask whether institutions deliver the public goods that dignity requires. It must ask whether children inherit possibility or deprivation. It must ask whether environmental systems protect or endanger those with the fewest buffers. It must ask whether development expands capability without sacrificing the ecological foundations of future life.

This is why multidimensional analysis matters so much for sustainable development. It reveals that poverty is inseparable from institutions, public goods, infrastructure, environmental exposure, and long-run capability. It shows that development cannot be judged only by output gains or income growth if large populations remain deprived in the fundamentals that make life secure and meaningful.

For Stewardship & Ethics, the issue is even deeper. Poverty asks what societies owe to one another. It asks whether public institutions are willing to protect the conditions of human dignity. It asks whether technological and economic systems serve human possibility or merely intensify inequality. It asks whether planetary responsibility includes the people most exposed to harm, not only ecosystems abstractly understood.

To take poverty seriously is therefore to take deprivation seriously in all its forms and dimensions. That is the point at which stewardship becomes more than environmental concern and ethics becomes more than moral language. Together, they become a project of expanding human possibility where it is most constrained, while protecting the living systems that make possibility durable across places, systems, and generations.

The ethical measure of the future is not only whether economies grow, technologies advance, or institutions endure. It is whether people are less hungry, less exposed, less excluded, less disposable, and more able to live lives of dignity, capability, ecological security, and shared belonging.

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Related Reading

• Sustainable Development
• Safe Operating Space and the Conditions of Long-Run Development
• Trade-Offs, Synergies, and Policy Coherence
• Scenario Planning for Sustainable Futures
• Participation, Voice, and Community-Led Development
• Risk Governance in Complex Societies

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Further Reading

• Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• ul Haq, M. (1995) Reflections on Human Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1990) Human Development Report 1990. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-1990
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) (2025) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2025: Overlapping Hardships and Climate Hazards. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/mpi-2025-overlapping-hardships-and-climate-hazards
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2025) Human Development Report 2025: A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI. New York: UNDP. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025
• Alkire, S. and Foster, J. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), pp. 476–487.
• Nussbaum, M.C. (2011) Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• World Bank (2022) Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity

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References

• Alkire, S. and Foster, J. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), pp. 476–487.
• Nussbaum, M.C. (2011) Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• ul Haq, M. (1995) Reflections on Human Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1990) Human Development Report 1990. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-1990
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) (2025) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2025: Overlapping Hardships and Climate Hazards. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/mpi-2025-overlapping-hardships-and-climate-hazards
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2025) Human Development Report 2025: A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI. New York: UNDP. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025
• World Bank (2022) Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity

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